Phenomenon Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Research Articles

TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF MILK QUALITY USING MAGNETIC FIELD

In production, various methods are used to control the quality of manufactured products due to physical and chemical effects. In recent years, the principle of the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been increasingly used in the management and control of technological processes in food production. This paper examines the possibility of using the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance for the purpose of automated control of milk quality by a magnetic field. By studying the isotopes of the NMR spectra of the specified product, it is possible to determine whether the product is natural or artificial, that is, its cost and quality. This work also provides a block diagram of the technological process and explains the expressions for receiving NMR signals and processing them with the creation of a magnetic field using electromagnets in an automated control system. This method allows not only to control the process, but also to determine the physical properties of milk and dairy products, contributing to changes in quality. To do this, it is necessary to maintain the optimal value of the generated magnetic field with very high accuracy.

Method of liquid consumption measuring in nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers

The need to expand the functionality of systems for monitoring the parameters of the flow of liquid media is substantiated. The advantages of using meters based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance to control the parameters of the flow of liquid media are noted. Let us consider the problems that arise during the operation of nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers operating in two measurement modes (pulse and with periodic modulation of the magnetic field in the nuclear magnetic resonance signal recording system - modulation technique). It is noted that the main problem in the operation of these devices is associated with an increase in the error in measuring liquid flow or the termination of its measurement process with rapid changes in liquid flow. The use of a magnetic tag mode, which allows us to solve this problem, significantly limits the possibilities of using nuclear magnetic resonance flowmeters-relaxometers when used to monitor the parameters of other liquids or with a large increase in the temperature of the flowing medium. A method for creating a magnetic mark at the noise level for measuring liquid flow is proposed. In the method, changing the composition of the flowing medium (including the liquid itself) does not have a significant effect on the formation of a magnetic mark at the noise level in a strong inhomogeneous magnetic field. The results of experimental studies of the nutation line from changes in magnetic field inhomogeneity are presented. A mathematical model has been developed based on the modified Bloch equations and relationships between the magnetic field parameters have been established to implement the magnetic mark mode in the nuclear magnetic resonance signal with magnetization inversion at the noise level. The use of a method makes it possible to make the influence of rapid changes in the value of liquid flow (by a factor of 10 or more) on the flow measurement error insignificant.

INNOVATIVE DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES OF A MODERN MINIWINERY TAKING INTO AC-COUNT THE TERROIR FOR PINOT NOIR

The article presents a brief overview of scientific works that were aimed at studying the influence of terroir, harvest and technology on the quality and specificity of wine. Modern scientific methods for identifying wines from different regions are considered. Modern studies by Chinese oenologists have shown that a number of trace elements in wine (Cu, Zn and Mn) can be an indicator of the region of origin of the wine. Scientists from Australia, New Zealand, the USA, France and Portugal have also obtained interesting results in the identification of wines of different vintages and terroirs. Scientists have shown that the originality of table wines of specific regions and subregions can be determined on the basis of modern highly sensitive methods of analysis (spectroscopic methods for studying compounds using the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance; combined methods with the joint use of NMR and the study of the target differential sensor matrix; fluorescent methods for determining the content of amino acids and amines, methods of cluster analysis, etc.). When determining the terroir for red wines, many researchers in different regions of our planet paid special attention to the Pinot Noir variety. This is due to the fact that for this particular variety, terroir plays a huge role in shaping the style of the future wine. At the Vinoman winery, together with the Odessa National Technological University, a comparative analysis of red table wines Pinot Noir from three terroirs of the southern part of the Odessa region was carried out. In addition, as part of the master's qualification work, an innovative project for the reconstruction of an existing enterprise was proposed, which involves the implementation of the gravitational principle of winemaking. The project takes into account the features of the area, climatic conditions and the range of products. Particular attention was paid to the implementation of all of the above aspects in the technology for the production of high-quality red table wines Pinot Noir. As a result of the work carried out, physical and chemical indicators were studied and a sensory analysis of the wines of the Bolgrad, Izmail and Reni terroirs was carried out. Based on the data obtained, preliminary conclusions were made about the prospects for the production of red table wines Pinot Noir at the Vinoman enterprise from certain terroirs in the south of the Odessa region.

Operando characterization of heterogeneously catalyzed gas- and multi-phase reactions using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a series of techniques exploiting the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), is a powerful toolkit for operando investigations of catalytic reactions. For instance, in a single experiment MRI can be used to generate two or three-dimensional images of species concentration, gas and liquid distribution, local temperatures, and gas or liquid flow. Performing such operando measurements of catalytic reactions allows to better understand how catalytic activity depends on the surface of the catalyst as well as on the surrounding reaction conditions. In combination with multi-scale models, this helps to understand and improve reaction processes.In this perspective article, we discuss recent operando studies of gas and multi-phase reactions using MRI. We further list current challenges and discuss possible future directions of the field.

Analysis of NMR Signal for Static Magnetic Field Standard

Abstract This article describes the analysis of the NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) stabilizer signal. Magnetic field of the standard is created using an electromagnet. Sufficiently high stability of the magnetic field is achieved with the help of a stabilizer with an NMR probe. The NMR phenomenon makes possible very accurate measurements of the static magnetic field, but the resulting stability depends also on supporting electronics. An analysis has been done and tolerances of the measured quantities have been estimated. The calculated tolerances indicate the needed features of the material. First the probe excites the FID (Free Induction Decay) signal in the water sample and acquires the signal answer. It is Fourier transformed and its spectrum is investigated. The actual magnetic field corresponds to the strongest frequency sample. It is utilized for the magnetic field strength correction and stabilization of it. The article brings many equations for such calculation.

Modeling of Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Based on Prepolarization and Its Application in Urban Shallow Measurements

Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) technology is a geophysical method to directly measure the water content and saturated porosity of aquifers by exciting the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon of hydrogen nuclei in groundwater. With the natural Earth magnetic field B0 as the background detection field, the SNMR signals, which usually exist only within a range of tens of nanovolts, are very likely to be submerged in widespread environmental noise. The prepolarization (PP) method with artificial application of an active field to enhance NMR signals has been gradually applied to the SNMR field, and this method is expected to overcome existing problems and to gain further development in more high-noise detection environments, e.g., urban engineering detection. However, when PP is introduced to SNMR, difficulties in data interpretation focus on the theoretical formula derivation and model construction. In this paper, we studied the state of the detected target under a PP field. Based on currently available measurement processes, we established the corresponding PP-SNMR forward equations and modeling for groundwater. It was proven by simulation and actual measurements that the research in this study can interpret actual field detection data. In addition, compared with the conventional PP-SNMR theory, the proposed improved method can effectively avoid detected aquifer misestimation. The results gained in this study compensate for the shortcomings of the current PP-SNMR theory, which is of significance to the development and application of high-power PP-SNMR technology.

On necessity for analytical solution of the Bloch equations for nuclear magnetic resonance signals at condition express control of liquid medium

The necessity of using express analysis methods to control medium condition is substantiated. It has been shown that the method of express control based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most preferable. It was found that to increase the information about the medium condition state obtained from the recorded NMR signal, it is necessary to use a mathematical model (based on analytical solutions of the Bloch equations). Two approaches are considered that are used to describe the NMR signal in a liquid medium. It is determined that in the classical approach in the system of Bloch equations it is possible to take into account the peculiarities of using radiotechnical methods of signal registration. The direction of the analytical solution of the Bloch equation is proposed. The experimental data are compared with the numerical solution.

NMR AND WELL LOGS PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SANDSTONE FROM THE MARACANGALHA FORMATION, BAHIA, BRAZIL

The storage and production capacity of reservoir rocks can be estimated through some petrophysics characteristics involving the lithological identification of the constitute rocks, fluids nature in the porous space, porosity, permeability, saturation and clay content. The most popular tools for obtaining these petrophysical parameters are the conventional geophysical well logs. However, the determination of petrophysical parameters from tools based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has gained prominence in recent decades. In this work, we analyzed rock samples from outcrops in Frades Island region, Bahia, Brazil, through laboratory NMR measurements, to estimate and evaluate the petrophysical properties of the Maracangalha Formation, one of the main hydrocarbons reservoirs in the Recôncavo Basin. The Sandstone samples were characterized in terms of porosity, permeability, saturation, and petrofacies. Finally, we calculated porosity, permeability, and clay content using data from gamma-ray, electrical and density logs, measured in a depth interval interpreted for Maracangalha Formation. These results corroborate with the obtained by NMR since, despite the effects of weathering and erosion on the samples used, the values of porosity and permeability obtained in NMR are in the range of values calculated from these profiles.

Method for Monitoring the Longitudinal Relaxation Time of Flowing Liquids Over the Entire Range of Flow Rate Measurements

The problems of monitoring the state of flowing liquids used in various branches of industry, power production, and agriculture are examined. Means of monitoring the state of flowing liquids based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance are discussed. These devices are free of the shortcomings and limitations inherent in the use of optical analyzers and flow-through refractometers. When monitors based on nuclear magnetic resonance are used, the monitored parameters are the relaxation times of the flowing liquid; in particular, the greatest difficulties arise when measuring the longitudinal relaxation time. A method is proposed for monitoring the longitudinal relaxation time of a flowing liquid over the entire range within which its flow rate is measured. A design for a nuclear-magnetic flowmeter-relaxometer is developed for implementation of the new method. The obtained data are compared with measurements of steady-state longitudinal relaxation times of liquid media in a commercial nuclear-magnetic relaxometer; these measurements coincide to within the measurement error.

MR Thermometry in Cerebrovascular Disease: Physiologic Basis, Hemodynamic Dependence, and a New Frontier in Stroke Imaging.

The remarkable temperature sensitivity of the brain is widely recognized and has been studied for its role in the potentiation of ischemic and other neurologic injuries. Pyrexia frequently complicates large-vessel acute ischemic stroke and develops commonly in critically ill neurologic patients; the profound sensitivity of the brain even to minor intraischemic temperature changes, together with the discovery of brain-to-systemic as well as intracerebral temperature gradients, has thus compelled the exploration of cerebral thermoregulation and uncovered its immutable dependence on cerebral blood flow. A lack of pragmatic and noninvasive tools for spatially and temporally resolved brain thermometry has historically restricted empiric study of cerebral temperature homeostasis; however, MR thermometry (MRT) leveraging temperature-sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance phenomena is well-suited to bridging this long-standing gap. This review aims to introduce the reader to the following: 1) fundamental aspects of cerebral thermoregulation, 2) the physical basis of noninvasive MRT, and 3) the physiologic interdependence of cerebral temperature, perfusion, metabolism, and viability.

Determination of the Composition and Concentrations of the Components of Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Media in the Course of its Express Analysis

We describe some devices used for the express analysis of the state of environment based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance. We propose a new method for the determination of the composition of liquid mixtures of substances that do not participate in chemical reactions with each other. The application of this method enables us to determine the relative concentrations of components of the analyzed mixture. We present the results of investigations of the mixtures of hydrocarbons. The comparison of the numerical and experimental data on the compositions and concentrations of components of the media is performed. The proposed method enables one to determine the contributions of absorption and dispersed signals to the recorded NMR signals of condensed media, which can be either in the stationary state or in the flowing state.

Fast Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Among medical imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) stands out for its excellent soft-tissue contrast, anatomical detail, and high sensitivity for disease detection. However, as proven by the continuous and vast effort to develop new MRI techniques, limitations and open challenges remain. The primary source of contrast in MRI images are the various relaxation parameters associated with the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomena upon which MRI is based. Although it is possible to quantify these relaxation parameters (qMRI) they are rarely used in the clinic, and radiological interpretation of images is primarily based upon images that are relaxation time weighted. The clinical adoption of qMRI is mainly limited by the long acquisition times required to quantify each relaxation parameter as well as questions around their accuracy and reliability. More specifically, the main limitations of qMRI methods have been the difficulty in dealing with the high inter-parameter correlations and a high sensitivity to MRI system imperfections. Recently, new methods for rapid qMRI have been proposed. The multi-parametric models at the heart of these techniques have the main advantage of accounting for the correlations between the parameters of interest as well as system imperfections. This holistic view on the MR signal makes it possible to regress many individual parameters at once, potentially with a higher accuracy. Novel, accurate techniques promise a fast estimation of relevant MRI quantities, including but not limited to longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times. Among these emerging methods, MR Fingerprinting (MRF), synthetic MR (syMRI or MAGIC), and T1‒T2 Shuffling are making their way into the clinical world at a very fast pace. However, the main underlying assumptions and algorithms used are sometimes different from those found in the conventional MRI literature, and can be elusive at times. In this book, we take the opportunity to study and describe the main assumptions, theoretical background, and methods that are the basis of these emerging techniques. Quantitative transient state imaging provides an incredible, transformative opportunity for MRI. There is huge potential to further extend the physics, in conjunction with the underlying physiology, toward a better theoretical description of the underlying models, their application, and evaluation to improve the assessment of disease and treatment efficacy.

The new method for longitudinal relaxation time control of flowing liquid in the entire range of its expenditure measuring

The problems of the condition control of flowing liquid during its use in different industries, energy and agriculture are reviewed. The devices of the flowing liquid condition control whose operating principle is based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance are presented. This devices do not have the disadvantages and limitations of use inherent in optical analyzers and flowing refractometers. At using controls based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance the controlled parameters are the relaxation times of the flowing fluid, in particular, the greatest difficulties arise when measuring the longitudinal relaxation time. The method for control of longitudinal relaxation time T1 of flowing liquid in the entire range of measuring its expenditure is proposed. To implement a new method the design of nuclear magnetic flowmeter-relaxometer is developed. The obtained data are compared with the measurement results of values T1 for liquid media being in a stationary state are recived on industrial nuclear magnetic relaxometer and is determined them coincidence within the measurement error.

Research progress of diffusion sensitive gradient field encoding schemes in magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging is a medical imaging technique in which the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance is used. This technique is widely used in clinical and scientific research at present. The diffusion of water molecules is isotropic in a homogeneous medium, while it is anisotropic in the structure of human tissue. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is for studying the microscopic structure inside body by using the water molecules’ diffusion effect which will reduce the signal intensity of magnetic resonance. Besides, it can quantitatively study the anisotropy of water molecules in three-dimensional space, and thus acquiring important pathological and physiological information without invading in vivo. In order to obtain the accurate result of the anisotropic diffusion of water molecules, according to a certain scheme, it is necessary to sequentially use diffusion sensitive gradient (DSG) magnetic fields in different diffusion orientations to measure the diffusion coefficient of water molecules for estimating the diffusion tensor. The precision of estimating diffusion tensor is affected by the applied DSG encoding scheme, and it is usually necessary to use a large number of linearly independent and evenly spatial distributions of DSG magnetic fields in order to make the tensor measurement result more accurate. Diffusion spectroscopy imaging technique and high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) technique are proposed for more complex fiber bundles crossing in human tissue, one of which, HARDI, has higher requirement for the number and the direction distribution uniformity of DSGs. In this paper, the basic principle of DTI and the DSG encoding schemes are reviewed, which includes completely random scheme, heuristic scheme, regular polyhedral scheme, numerically optimized scheme, etc. For the above various schemes their respective advantages and limitations are analyzed. At present, the Golden Ratio method is to be used in a new spherical DSG encoding scheme which meets the requirements for HARDI and can offer more accurate tensor estimation results in face of the corruption of data sets encountered in clinical practice.

Fractional Calculus Models of Magnetic Resonance Phenomena: Relaxation and Diffusion.

Applications of fractional calculus in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have increased over the last twenty years. From the mathematical, computational, and biophysical perspectives, fractional calculus provides new tools for describing the complexity of biological tissues (cells, organelles, membranes and macromolecules). Specifically, fractional order models capture molecular dynamics (transport, rotation, and vibration) by incorporating power law convolution kernels into the time and space derivatives appearing in the equations that govern nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomena. Hence, it is natural to expect fractional calculus models of relaxation and diffusion to be applied to problems in NMR and MRI. Early studies considered the fractal dimensions of multi-scale materials in the non-linear growth of the mean squared displacement, assumed power-law decays of the spectral density, and suggested stretched exponential signal relaxation to describe non-Gaussian behavior. Subsequently, fractional order generalization of the Bloch, and Bloch-Torrey equations were developed to characterize NMR (and MRI) relaxation and diffusion. However, even for simple geometries, analytical solutions of fractional order equations in time and space are difficult to obtain, and predictions of the corresponding changes in image contrast are not always possible. Currently, a multifaceted approach using coarse graining, simulation, and accelerated computation is being developed to identify 'imaging' biomarkers of disease. This review surveys the principal fractional order models used to describe NMR and MRI phenomena, identifies connections and limitations, and finally points to future applications of the approach.

The determination of concentration and components composition for mixtures of hydrocarbon media with its express control

The devices for express control of the state of the environment, based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance are described. The new method for liquid mixtures composition determination which did not join each other in a chemical reaction is proposed. Using this methodology allows also to define the relative components concentrations from which the studied mixture was formed. The results of the study of mixtures of hydrocarbon media is presented. The comparison of the calculations of composition and components concentrations for media with experiment is conducted. The Application of the proposed method allows us to determine the contribution of absorption and dispersion signals in registered NMR signal from the condensed medium which is both in a stationary and in a flowing state.

New method for determining the composition of liquid media during the express control of their state using the nuclear magnetic resonance phenomena

The processing of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals from various liquid media is an important step in monitoring their state. At the same time, the processing of NMR signals is quite a challenge during express control by NMR relaxometer. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to develop a new method for NMR signals processing. For this purpose, a universal mathematical model for describing the NMR signal from various media has been proposed. This model takes into account the features of recording signals using a modulation technique in a weak magnetic field. In addition, the article presents the results of calculations of the components concentrations in the studied mixtures of liquid media. Also these results are compared with the experimental data.

A new method of determining the state of water and agricultural areas in real time

Paper discusses the technique of environmental condition monitoring based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Express control is an integral part of agriculture, because when working on farms or in fields there are situations when it is physically impossible to deliver samples for research to a stationary laboratory (results are needed urgently or samples can change their properties during transportation). A brief review of the existing methods for monitoring the states of media in the express mode was carried out, their shortcomings were revealed and a new technical solution to this problem was proposed. For a small-sized NMR spectrometer, a new magnetic system and a signal registration circuit have been developed, which makes it possible to detect the NMR signal at different frequencies, thus registering the signal spectrum. In addition, this design also allows measuring the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times of the medium. With the help of the proposed technique, studies of various media have been carried out; the results of these studies are presented.

On the need for express control of the quality of consumer goods within the concept ‘Internet of things’

The article substantiates the need to use express control to check the quality of various products in the form of a liquid, gel or bulk materials. A technique for express control of quality of various products based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance is proposed. This technique makes it possible to obtain information on the results of research in digital form and automatically place it on the Internet. Within the framework of the ‘Internet of things’ concept, leave online for users of this medium their opinion on the quality of goods. The results of experimental studies of liquid media are presented.

Experimental study of ferromagnetic objects heating during magnetic resonance imaging

Subject of study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most common and popular methods of medical imaging, based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance. Despite the absence of ionizing radiation, there are some risk factors for the patient, one of which is the presence of metal structures in the patient's body. The thermal effect arising in the process of magnetic resonance study for patients with ferromagnetic objects is studied. Method. The study of metal objects surface heating was carried out using fiber optic sensors. A phantom was developed with the objects of different materials (steel, ferrite, brass, neodymium magnet) fixed on it. To obtain the maximum possible heating, the corresponding scanning conditions with the highest possible specific absorption coefficient were chosen. Main results. The results of materials heating measuring are presented. It is shown that the temperature of all objects increased in the range of 2.5 to 4.0 °C for total scan time of 90 minutes, while the temperature outside these objects did not change. In this case, heating exceeding the limit of 1 °C for 6 minutes was observed for none of the objects. Practical relevance. The study results can be applied in the development and identification of mathematical models of heat transfer within the framework of comprehensive patient safety in the MRI room. The study opens up the prospect of expanding indications in MRI studies for patients with metallic foreign bodies who need this type of diagnosis (without taking into account other risks: mechanical displacement and deterioration of visualization).